Photovoltaic modules, also known as solar panels, are devices that convert sunlight into electricity through the use of photovoltaic cells. These modules are commonly used in solar energy systems to generate renewable electricity for residential, commercial, and industrial applications. They typically consist of multiple photovoltaic cells connected in series and/or parallel to increase the overall power output. Photovoltaic modules play a key role in the global transition towards clean and sustainable energy sources, as they provide a reliable and environmentally friendly way to harness solar energy. Ongoing research in this field focuses on improving the efficiency, durability, and cost-effectiveness of photovoltaic modules, as well as exploring new materials and technologies to further enhance their performance.